EMPISTOSUNH: AKSIOPISTIA

• Poios einai o orismos ths?

• Apo ti ephreazetai?

• Pws thn antilamvanontai ta aisiodoksa kai pws ta apaisiodoksa atoma?

• Pws enisxuetai, pws xanetai kai pws klonizetai?

[H epistosunh isws katexei ton shmantikotero rolo se mia erwtikh sxesh. Xarh se authn orizontai oi sumperifores kai o xarakthras twn atomwn alla kai h poreia kai to istoriko ths sxeshs. H empistosunh einai to stoixeio pou odhgei ta atoma se lhpseis apofasewn, se eswterikes anazhthseis, se eksomologiseis kai ekmustireuseis, se antallages apopsewn, se dhmiourgia oikeiou klimatws metaksu twn atomwn k.a.]

• Empistosunh kai aksiopistia einai duo ennoies sunwnumes kai shmainoun to kata poso ena atomo pisteuei sthn aksia kai stis ikanothtes enos allou atomou alla kai to poso kai an pisteuei sthn eilikrineia twn logwn kai twn praksewn tou allou atomou kai telos to an 8a fanerwne h' oxi ena atomo kapoia plhroforia se ena allo atomo h' 8a tou ane8ete kapoia apostolh epidh to 8ewrei aksio empistosunhs kai afosiwshs.

• H empistosunh pou exei ena atomo gia to suntrofiko tou eksartatai apo poikilous paragontes, opws thn entupwsh pou exei to ena atomo gia to allo, to ti apodeiknuoun ta gegonota gia to ena atomo, to an einai aisiodoksa h' apaisiodoksa, to istoriko ths sxeshs, ton proswpiko xarakthra twn atomwn, tis peires kai empeiries tous, tis epirroes tous apo trita atoma kai thn antilhpsh kai apopsh pou exoun sxhmatisei to ena atomo gia to allo. Ka8e atomo, logw ths diaforetikothtas tou se 8emata xarakthra, 8ewriwn, ideologiwn kai antilhpsewn diaferei apo to suntrofiko tou kai apo alla atoma, ara katexei kai diaforetikh apopsh gia thn empistosunh alla kai exei orisei diaforetika tous paragontes pou ephreazoun thn empistosunh tou sto suntrofiko tou atomo.

• Sunh8ws, ta aisiodoksa atoma empisteuontai duskolotera. Auto mporei na aitiologh8ei an lhf8ei up'opsin to oti 8ewrountai pio sklhra, krinoun me vash thn logikh, exoun periorismenh anagkh prostateutikothtas kai asfaleias, parasurontai pio duskola apo atoma kai katastaseis kai ta xarakthrizei h sta8erothta kai h apolutothta, en sugkrisei kai anti8esei me ta apaisiodoksa atoma, ta opoia empisteuontai eukolotera, einai pio eualwta kai euais8hta, krinoun me vash ta sunais8hmata, exoun aukshmenh anagkh prostateutikothtas kai asfaleias, parasurontai eukolotera apo atoma kai katastaseis kai ta xarakthrizei h upoxwrithkothta kai h asta8eia. Aksioshmeiwto einai to oti ta dedomena auta einai endeiktika kai oxi desmeutika, endexetai ena aisiodokso atomo na exei stoixeia empistosunhs pou katexei ena apaisiodokso atomo kai antistrofws.

• H empistosunh enisxuetai me tis aksies ths alh8eias, ths diafaneias, ths isothtas kai ths eilikrinias se logo kai prakseis, anamesa kai sta duo atoma ta opoia anhkoun se mia erwtikh sxesh. H empistosunh xanetai otan gia kapoion opoiodhpote logo, apodedeigmeno h' mh, ta parapanw katagegrammena stoixeia akurw8oun, dhladh otan uparksei h aneilikrineia, to pseudos, h diaf8ora kai o dolos se logo kai prakseis, estw kai apo to ena atomo pou anhkei se mia erwtikh sxesh. Akomh, ena shmantiko kai idaiterhs h' isws kai ligoterhs aksias gegonos otan sumvei apo ena atomo endexetai na ephreasei to allo atomo kai na tou prokalesei stadiakh h' monhmh elleipsh empistosunhs pros to prwto atomo. H empistosunh klonizetai epishs an sumvei kapoio gegonos apo ena atomo kai auto prokalesei dusaresta sunais8hmata sto deutero atomo, epidh h sugkekrimenh praksh sugkrouetai me tis proswpikes tou 8wereies, antilhpseis kai ideologies. Akoma, klonizetai otan uparxoun endeikseis h' apodeikseis oti sunevh mia mh aresh praksh apo to ena atomo ths sxeshs, otan shmeiw8oun tekmhriwmenes h' mh aitiologhmenes h' mh, anapanthtes anastoles, amfivoleies kai endoiasmoi, otan to istoriko ths sxeshs einai idiaitera epivarumeno kai exei uparksei kapoia h' kapoies mh arestes prakseis sto parel8on apo to ena atomo pros to suntrofiko tou kai telos otan uparxoun apta, anamfhsvhtita stoixeia pou apodeiknuoun oti to atomo den aksizei thn empistosunh tou suntrofikou tou. Otan sumvei kapoia praksh apo to ena atomo, to allo atomo epilegei proswpika, dexomeno h' oxi ekswterikes epirroes apo alla atoma, to an ta sunais8hmata empistosunhs kai aksiopistias pou katexei gia to allo atomo enisxu8oun, xa8oun h' klonis8oun, periodika h' monima.

KOSMHTIKA EPI8ETA

• Poia epi8eta 8ewrountai kosmhtika se mia erwtikh sxesh kai apo pou proekupsan?

• Poios o rolos tous sthn erwtikh sxesh?

• Pws ta xrhsimopoioun ta aisiodoksa kai pws ta apaisiodoksa atoma, pws ta arsenika kai pws ta 8ulika atoma?

• Poioi paragontes ephreazoun thn xrhsh tous apo ta atoma?

[Ta kosmhtika epi8eta einai polu sunh8ismena, ka8e atomo pou anoikei se mia erwtikh sxesh xrhsimopoiei toulaxiston ena gia thn epiklhsh kai xarakthrismo tou suntrofikou tou atomou. Ta kosmhtika epi8eta, opws alloste fanerwnei kai h idia h frash "diakosmoun", stolizoun kai prosdidoun kapoion xarakthrismo se kapoio atomo. Diaferoun apo atomo se atomo kai apo xarakthra atomou se xarakthra atomou. Sigouro omws einai to oti xrhsimopoiountai se mia sxesh erwtikou xarakthra. Ta kosmhtika epi8eta den einai kat' apokleisthkothta epi8eta, alla einai kai ousiastika, metoxes h' kuria onomata dexomena parallages, omws 8ewrountai epi8eta giati apodidoun enan xarakthrismo se kapoio atomo.]

• Ta kosmhtika epi8eta einai aprosdiorista kai poikila. To ka8e atomo krinontas me ton xarakthra, tis 8ewreies, tis ideologeies kai tis antilhpseis tou, uio8etei kapoia gia na xaraktirhzei h' na prosfwnei me auta to suntrofiko tou atomo. Einai dunaton na kathgoroiopoih8oun ta kosmhtika epi8eta, analoga me to periexomeno tous. Meroikes kathgoreies kai epi8eta ws paradeigmata mazi me tis ka8oristikes ermhneies tous einai:

1. Ta sunh8estera kai klassikotera ("mwro mou", "agaph mou", "erwta mou"), eurews xrhsimopoioumena.
2. Auta pou proerxontai apo zwtika tmhmata tou an8rwpinou swmatos ("kardia mou", "psuxh mou", "matia mou") kai apodeiknuoun oti to atomo pou ta xrhsimopoiei gia na kalesei etsi to suntrofiko tou to 8ewrei tmhma tou idiou tou tou eautou.
3. Auta pou aforoun thn ekswterikh emfanish tou suntrofikou atomou ("ksan8oula,-h mou", galanomath, -a mou") kai aforoun kapoio tmhma tou swmatos tou suntrofikou atomou.
4. Ta proerxomena apo thn fush ("louloudaki mou", "fraoulitsa mou") kai fanerwnoun thn agnothta.
5. Auta pou tautizontai me diafora apsuxa ulika aga8a ("zaxaritsa mou", "sokolataki mou") pou aforoun thn ekswterikh h' eswterikh emfanish tou suntrofikou atomou.
6. Ta empneusmena apo to zwiko vasileio ("tigraki mou", "gatoula mou") kai aforoun ton xarakthra, thn ka8hmernothta kai thn sumperifora tou suntrofikou atomou.
7. Ta upokoristika, xa'i'deutika onomatwn ("Giwrgakh mou", "Maraki mou") pou apodidoun oikeiothta kai sumpa8eia.

H poikilia kai o ari8mos twn kosmhtikwn epi8etwn einai aprosdiorista megalos. Parapanw katate8hkan ta poio suxna sunantwmena kosmhtika epi8eta. Molatauta, uparxoun kai alles arketes kathgoreies, opws epishs kai epi8eta, ta opoia einai adunaton na katagrafoun logw tou epaukshmenou plu8hsmou tous.

• Ta kosmhtika epi8eta katexoun enan idiaitero rolo sthn erwtikh sxesh. Arxika, empsuxwnoun ta atoma kai tous prokaloun 8etika sunais8hmata. Akomh, tous apoferoun amesothta kai oikeiothta. Epishs, tous ka8istoun monadikous kai anepanalhptous suntrofous, me monadikous kai enapanalhptous xarakthrismous. Epipros8etws, h epilogh kosmhtikwn epi8etwn gia thn prosfwnish tou suntrofikou atomou fanerwnei ton xarakthra tou prwtou alla kai to poia apopsh exei sxhmatisei gia to suntrofiko tou. Telos, h epilogh twn epi8etwn alla kai h xrhsh epirrhmatikwn kai epi8etikwn prosdiorismwn se auta ("megalh", "pantotinh", "kalokairinh", "glukia" k.a.) fanerwnei tis vlepseis kai tous stoxous pou exei orisei to atomo gia auth thn sxesh. Kosmhtika epi8eta kai epi8etikoi kai ephrrhmatikoi prosdiorismoi xrhsimopoiountai gia prosfwnish, gia epiklhsh, gia empsuxwsh, gia entupwsiasmo, gia oikeiothta, se aplo logo, se emmeso kai ameso logo k.a.

• Sunh8ws, ta aisiodoksa atoma, logw ths tashs tous sto na antilamvanontai ta pragmata kai na droun se katastaseis me kurio krithrio thn logikh, xrhsimopoioun apo elaxista ws upervolika ta kosmhtika epi8eta kai prothmoun ta sunh8ismena kai ka8ierwmena, se anti8esh me ta apaisiodoksa atoma, ta apoia kai auta kanoun xrhsh kosmhtikwn epi8etwn apo ligo ws polu, alla, eksaitias tou gegonotos oti skeftontai, antilamvanontai kai energoun me vash ta sunais8hmata tous, xrhsimopoioun idiaitera, eksatomikeumena kosmhtika epi8eta. Ta arsenika atoma, proikismena me logikh, sunesh, elegxo kai austhrothta, ws dunamika kai apofasisthka, sunh8ws den xrhsimopoioun suxna kosmhtika epi8eta, oxi toulaxiston toso oso ta 8ulika atoma, ta opoia ws pio euais8hta, trufera kai eualwta kai xrhsimopoioun suxnotera kosmhtika epi8eta gia tous suntrofous tous alla kai exoun emfuth thn anagkh na epiklh8oun apo autous me kapoio kosmhtiko epi8eto.

• Poikiloi einai oi paragontes pou ephreazoun thn xrhsh kosmhtikwn epi8etwn apo atoma pou anoikoun se erwtikes sxeseis. Anamesa se autous upologizontai: h psuxologikh katastash twn atomwn, o xarakthras kai to sunolo 8ewriwn, antilhpsewn kai ideologiwn tous, o va8mos oikeiothtas tous me to suntrofiko tous atomo, to pws 8a xarakthrizan to suntrofiko tous atomo kai asfalws h katastash ths erwtikhs sxeshs. Autoi oi paragontes endexetai na droun anastalthka h' katastaltika, efhmera h' diaxronika, eksartwmenoi apo allous paragontes h' autonomoi.